総合解析セミナー

総合解析セミナーは基本的に、毎週木曜日の16:30から行われます。
場所は研究所共同館 3階 講義室です。

開催日時 講演者 講演タイトル
4/13 草野 完也 (教授)
Kanya Kusano		 Overview of the Integrated Studies Division and the Project for Solar-Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP)
Abstract : The solar-terrestrial environment is a complex system that consists of nonlinear, non-equilibrium, and multi-scale interacting processes. The research in the Integrated Studies Division aims at improving our understanding of the dynamics of various phenomena in the solar-terrestrial environment through data analyses and modeling studies. The Integrated Studies Division is now playing the leading role for the Project for Solar-Terrestrial Environment Prediction (PSTEP) that is a Japanese-wide research collaborative project aiming to develop a synergistic interaction between predictive and scientific studies of the solar-terrestrial environment and to establish the basis for next-generation space weather forecasting. In this talk, we will talk about the overview of the Integrated Studies Division and the PSTEP, and also discuss about what kind of strategy we should take in order to develop our reseach in future. In particular, I would like to emphasize how important is the interdisciplinary aspect to open up new research based on my personal experience.
4/20 町田 忍 (教授)
Shinobu Machida		 Frontier of Substorm Study
Abstract : Since Prof. Akasofu first proposed the concept of substorm in 1964 based on the all-sky auroral network observations on the ground, the study on substorm has been extended to understand the nature and causal relationship of various variations and disturbances appear on the ground, ionosphere and magnetosphere associated with the enhancement of auroral activity.
At the same time, the study of the triggering and driving mechanisms of substorm has also progressed, and numbers of substorm models have been proposed so far, but no final conclusion has been obtained yet. Under such circumstances, the recent work done by Fukui et al. [2017] in which the data from THEMIS probes were analyzed, and they found that the spatial gradient of the plasma pressure around X ~ -7.5 Re is nearly 1.4 times higher in substorms compared to the pseudo-substorms around their onsets although the magnetic reconnection occurs in both cases. This result seems to have a primary importance.
Also recently, Ebihara and Tanaka [2015] performed a large scale 3D global MHD simulation, and succeeded in reproducing the development of aurora expansion during the substorm in their calculation. Interestingly, their results do not show the occurrence of turbulent oscillations corresponding to the current disruption at the time of auroral expansion. In this sense, the assessment of their model comparing with actual observational data is so significant. In this talk, the status of recent substorm study including those works will be reported.
4/27 松本 琢磨 (研究員)
Matsumoto Takuma		 Connecting the Sun and the solar wind: the self-consistent transition of heating mechanisms
Abstract : We have performed a 2.5-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation that resolves the propagation and dissipation of Alfv´en waves in the solar atmosphere. Alfv´enic fluctuations are introduced on the bottom boundary of the extremely large simulation box that ranges from the photosphere to far above the solar wind acceleration region. Our model is ab initio in the sense that no corona and no wind are assumed initially. The numerical experiment reveals the quasi-steady solution that has the transition from the cool to the hot atmosphere and the emergence of the high speed wind. The global structure of the resulting hot wind solution fairly well agrees with the coronal and the solar wind structure inferred from observations. The purpose of this study is to complement the previous paper by Matsumoto & Suzuki and describe the more detailed results and the analysis method. These results include the dynamics of the transition region and the more precisely measured heating rate in the atmosphere. Particularly, the spatial distribution of the heating rate helps us to interpret the actual heating mechanisms in the numerical simulation. Our estimation method of heating rate turned out to be a good measure for dissipation of Alfv´en waves and low beta fast waves.
5/9 金子 岳史 (研究員)
Kaneko Takafumi		 Numerical study of solar prominence formation
Abstract: We propose a model in which magnetic reconnection triggers radiative condensation for solar prominence formation and demonstrate it by three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations including anisotropic nonlinear thermal conduction and optically thin radiative cooling. Solar prominences are cool dense plasma clouds in the hot tenuous corona. Prominences have potential to give an impact on the solar-terrestrial plasma environment because they suddenly erupt to interplanetary space and evolve into coronal mass ejections. Not only the mechanism of eruptions, the formation mechanism of prominence is still unclear. We propose a reconnection–condensation model in which the topological change of a coronal magnetic field via reconnection triggers radiative condensation for prominence formation. Previous observational studies suggested that reconnection at a polarity inversion line of a coronal arcade field creates a flux rope sustaining a prominence, however, the origin of the cool dense plasmas of a prominence was not clear. Using three-dimensional MHD simulations including anisotropic nonlinear thermal conduction and optically thin radiative cooling, we demonstrate that reconnection leads not only to flux rope formation but also to radiative condensation under a certain condition. This critical condition in our model is described by the Field length (introduced by George B. Field, 1965), which is defined as the scale length for thermal balance between radiative cooling and thermal conduction. The multi-wavelength extreme ultraviolet emissions synthesized with our simulation results have good agreement with observational signatures in prominence formation events.
5/11 寺本 万里子 (特任助教)
Mariko Teramoto		 ULF waves interaction with energetic electron during a relativistic electron loss event
Abstract: During the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, flux decrease in the outer radiation belt. Radial transport of the electron via drift resonance of ULF waves is consider as one important process for this radiation belt losses. We focus on a moderate geomagnetic storm during 13-22 September 2014 which were associated with high speed solar wind (~600 km/s) and strongly northward IMF. The electron flux level in the outer zone with energy raging from 1 MeV to 5.6 MeV decreased on stating 12 September 2014. We compared the disturbance in the flux of the electron with ULF waves in the magnetic filed data from the Van Allen Probes and estimated the electron resonant energies, which indicate strong drift resonant interaction occurring between the energetic electron and the ULF waves. We found that the resonant energy is much lower than the relativistic electron associated with the losses in the outer belt. We conclude that ULF waves might not play a key role of outward diffusion of electron to help drive radiation belt losses in this event.
5/18 井上 諭 (特任助教)
Inoue Satoshi		 Formation and Dynamics of Solar Eruptive Flux Tube.
Abstract: We perform a magnetohydrodynamic simulation to reveal the dynamics of the solar eruption accompanied with M6.6 class flare observed in the solar active region 11158. In order to shorten a distance between the theoretical models and observations, our simulation takes into account the observed photospheric magnetic field from which a non-linear force-free field is reconstructed to employ the initial state. In our simulation we confirmed that the tether-cutting reconnection occurring locally above the polarity inversion line makes twisted flux tube which destroys the equilibrium magnetic field and drives the eruption. Then the eruption, surprisingly, can be driven even in the stable area of the torus instability. We suggested that the reconnection between the twisted lines during the eruption is essential to make more highly twisted flux tube which further drives away from the equilibrium state. Then the dynamics is no longer controlled by the decay index, rather by its nonlinear process.
6/1 家田 章正 (助教)
Akimasa Ieda		 Auroral breakup (substorm onset) in satellite-based and ground-based images
Abstract: Auroral breakup (or substorm onset) is explosive brightening of aurora, physically similar to solar flare. Solar flare is triggered by magnetic reconnection. In contrast, it is controversy whether reconnection triggers substorm or not. It is not widely appreciated that this controversy stems from the diversity in substorm onset definitions. In this talk, I will discuss differences in substorm onsets between satellite images and ground images as follows.
Substorm onsets have originally been defined as longitudinally extended sudden auroral brightening ("Akasofu initial brightening"), which is followed a few minutes later by auroral poleward expansion in ground-based all-sky images. In satellite global images, in contrast, such a clearly marked two-stage development has not been observed, and instead substorm onsets have been identified as localized sudden brightening, which immediately expands poleward. To resolve these differences, optical substorm onset signatures in global images and all-sky images were compared for a substorm that occurred on 7 December 1999. We have used the Polar satellite ultraviolet global images with a fixed filter (170 nm), enabling a high time resolution (37 s), and have used the 20~s resolution green line (557.7 nm) all-sky images at Muonio in Finland for comparison. As a result, the substorm onset in the all-sky images consisted of the Akasofu initial brightening (2124:50 UT) and the poleward expansion (2127:50 UT). In contrast, this two-stage development was not evident in the global images, where the onset brightening started at 2127:49 UT. Thus, the onset in global images was not simultaneous with the Akasofu initial brightening but rather with the poleward expansion in the all-sky images. The Akasofu initial brightening was not observed in the global images, which may possibly be attributed to the limited sensitivity of global images for thin auroral arc brightenings. These comparisons suggest that substorm onset identified in global images does not corresponds to the Akasofu substorm onset, but rather to the poleward expansion.
6/6 伊集 朝哉 (研究員)
Tomoya Iju		 Correlation between solar flares and magnetic properties for active regions in 2010 - 2016
Abstract: In our Mag-twist research, we found 271 active regions which observed by SDO/HMI in 2010 - 2016 and calculated their coronal magnetic field using a non-linear force free field (NLFFF) model (Inoue et al., 2014; Inoue, 2016). Magnetic parameters such as the magnetic twist, kappa-value, and highly twist area were extracted from the NLFFF calculation and compared with the flare activity and magnetic free energy for each active region. From a statistical study, we found a good correlation (C.C. = 0.627) between the highly twisted area and total flare flux. In this talk, we report a statistical analysis of magnetic parameters for the active regions.
6/8 神谷 慶 (D2)
Kei Kamiya		 Characteristics of pitch angle distributions of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt with a monochromatic Pc5 wave
Abstract: Radial transport of relativistic electrons in the inner magnetosphere can be driven by drift resonance with Pc5 Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) waves. The radial transport due to the drift resonance has been considered as one of important acceleration mechanisms of the outer radiation belt electrons. In the course of the radial transport, the energy and equatorial pitch angle of electron change under conservation of the first and second adiabatic invariants. The change in the drift period in the course of radial transport thus depends on the adiabatic process, and it can affect the radial transport rate of the electrons. In other words, the radial transport rate due to the drift resonance depends on the equatorial pitch angle and can form the characteristic pitch angle distributions (PADs). In this study, we investigate the radial transport of relativistic electrons due to the drift resonance with a monochromatic Pc5 wave and focus on formation of PADs of the outer radiation belt electrons.
We use two simulation models of the inner magnetosphere: GEMSIS-Ring Current (RC) and GEMSIS-Radiation Belt (RB). The RC simulation, which is a self-consistent and kinetic numerical simulation code, solves the five-dimensional Boltzmann equation for the ring-current ions coupled with Maxwell equations. The RB simulation calculates trajectories of guiding center of test-particles in arbitrary magnetic and electric field. We used electric and magnetic fields of a monochromatic Pc5 wave in the inner magnetosphere obtained from the RC simulation as background fields in the RB simulations. We traced an order of 107 of radiation belt electrons to calculate phase space density of the electrons at each position in the equatorial plane.
Simulation results show formation of characteristic PADs depending on the energy and location (L value), which can be explicable of the pitch angle dependence of resonance conditions. At some fixed location and energy range, the PADs can change from pancake-like to butterfly-like distributions, as the transport by the monochromatic Pc5 wave progresses. These butterfly distributions can be seen when electrons with lower pitch angles satisfy the resonance condition.
6/15 Jie Ren (研究員) Phase relationship between ULF waves and drift-bounce resonant ions: a statistical study.
Abstract: We explore the phase relationship between the poloidal mode ULF wave electric field oscillations and drift-bounce resonant oxygen ions under the resonant condition of N=2 at the magnetic equator. Using Cluster data from 2001 to 2004, we identify 55 fundamental poloidal mode wave events, among which 42 show negative slope pitch angle dispersion signatures in the southern hemisphere, 11 show positive slope dispersion in the northern hemisphere, and 2 near-equatorial events are associated with in-phase field-aligned signatures. For each event, the off-equatorial resonant ions are traced along their bouncing trajectories to determine the last time they moved across the equator. The resulting time-series of the resonant oxygen ion fluxes at the equator are found to be statistically in anti-phase with the wave electric fields. The resonant ion flux variation depends on both ion energy change and radial transportation. This anti-phase relationship in statistics suggests two possibilities: (1) the fundamental poloidal mode wave electric fields are generally characterized by electric field intensity peaking near the magnetic equator if the flux variation is mainly caused by energy change; (2) the radial gradient of phase space density is positive and ions are accelerated if the flux variation caused by radial transportation is dominant .
6/22 Johan Muhamad (D2) Trigger Mechanism and Magnetic Field Structure Leading to Solar Flare
Abstract: Solar flare unleashes large amount of energy from the Sun to the interplanetary space. It is widely believed that the energy of a flare is produced by the conversion of the magnetic energy to the plasma and thermal energies. Therefore, it is important to understand the characteristics of the magnetic field in the Sun, especially in the active region (AR), which have large free energy (non-potential). Since the eruption of magnetic field in a solar flare process is related with the stability of the magnetic field, we also need to understand the magnetic stability of an AR prior to a flare. Both MHD instability and reconnection are believed to work during the flare process. Accordingly, in order to be able to predict a flare one need to analyze how the magnetic field in an AR evolve, investigate its stability, and find the possibility of structure that can trigger flare reconnection.
In this talk, I will discuss my studies about the trigger mechanism of a solar flare and how to extract the information of non-potentiality in an AR that can be used for predicting a flare. One of the representations of large non-potentiality in an AR is the highly magnetic twisted field. We analyze magnetic twist properties of several ARs by using nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) approach. The NLFFF method extrapolates coronal field of the AR from the given photospheric magnetic field. As case studies, we analyze AR 11158 and 12371 and the flares occurred from these ARs. I will present the results of magnetic twist evolution of AR 11158 and 12371 before and after the flares. Here, we propose and investigate a parameter, so called kappa*, to represent the stability of coronal magnetic field in an AR based on the ideal MHD instability and reconnected flux. I will show and discuss how this parameter evolved during a flare with the value decreased significantly after a flare. It implies that kappa* parameter can represent the stability of a magnetic field in an AR and may be useful for solar flare prediction.
6/29 石黒 直行 (D2)
Naoyuki Ishiguro		 Numerical calculation of formation of flux rope and Double Arc Instability
Abstract: Before and after the solar explosive phenomena, flux rope is often observed, which is herical magnetic tube. In previous studies, the flux rope is modeled by electric current loop and discussed the stability and the equilibrium condition. Recently, we modeled the double arc shaped loop that is observed before the eruptive phenomena like tether-cutting reconnection, and suggested Double Arc Instability (DAI) as a result of analysis (Ishiguro & Kusano 2017, accepted ApJ). We proposed the new parameter "kappa" for the necessary condition of destabilizing DAI in the study. The "kappa" is defined as the product of the magnetic twist and normalized flux of tether-cutting reconnection. For next step, we should confirm whether DAI can apply to the numerical simulation and real solar eruption. In this study, we verify the model of DAI under the 3-D zero-beta MHD simulation. We make the magnetic field like a sunspot accumulated strong shear and twist, and cause magnetic reconnection following the tether-cutting scenario. As a result, the double arc shaped loop is formed and the structure of it is like sigmoid which is often observed in solar flare. This flux rope do not be unstable and not erupt, and the "kappa" is smaller than the critical kappa for DAI. To make the eruption in numerical simulation, we should make the condition accumulated more twist and free energy.
7/6 柴山 拓也 (D2)
Takuya Shibayama		 Plasmoids in 2D and 3D MHD magnetic reconnection process
Abstract: Magnetic reconnection is a process of changing the connectivity of magnetic field lines, and thought to play a core role in explosive energy conversion of magnetospheric substorm, solar flare, and tokamak disruption. According to the Sweet-Parker theory, it is, however, difficult to conduct magnetic reconnection efficiently in highly conductive plasma such as in the solar corona. Petschek proposed another reconnection theory, in which small magnetic diffusion region realizes efficient reconnection with the energy conversion occurring in slow mode MHD shocks. However, recent numerical simulations suggest that Petschek reconnection is not stable in a system with spatially uniform resistivity. Some mechanism such as anomalous resistivity or kinetic physics is needed to sustain the localized diffusion region. It is, therefor, not clear yet how fast reconnection realizes in the reality.
In order to answer to this question, we have performed resistive 2D MHD simulation in a large system with a high spatial resolution, and find that small-scale slow mode MHD shocks predicted by Petschek spontaneously form even under a uniform resistivity. In this process, large plasmoids in the current sheet play a role of localizing the diffusion region, and slow mode shocks form in front of the moving plasmoids. These plasmoids enhance magnetic reconnection intermittently and repeatedly. As a result, the reconnection rate increases up to 0.02, which is high enough to explain the time-scale of solar flares. The mechanism of the formation of Petschek-type structure, however, is still not clear. In the previous simulation, Petschek-type structure is always attached to plasmoid. We speculate that existence newly forming plasmoid is important for formation of Petschek-type structure. We performed 2D MHD simulation of evolution of newly forming plasmoid, in other words, local simulation of diffusion scale. As a result, Petschek-type structure is formed even without motion of plasmoid.
Plasmoid formation in a reconnection region has been mostly studied using 2D numerical simulation or 2D theory. In the actual 3D system, however, there are instable modes that are not taken into account in the 2D theory. Oblique tearing mode, whose wave vector is parallel to the reconnecting magnetic field, is one of 3D instability modes related to the formation of plasmoid. There are cases where the oblique tearing mode have higher growth rate than 2D mode (Baarlad et al. 2012). Oblique plasmoid will dominate the reconnection in the case. It is, therefore, not clear if 2D theory of plasmoid formation is directory applicable also to the actual 3D system. On the other hand, observed flux tube or plasmoid usually have coherent 2D-like structure.
We conducted large scale numerical MHD simulation to study plasmoid formation and interaction in a 3D system. We observe growth of oblique plasmoid and the oblique structure dominate the system. They change their structure through coalescence and reconnection. The resultant middle-scale structure is somewhat 2D-like and we observed formation process of 2D-like structure in larger scale through interaction of 3D structure in small scale.
In the seminar talk, I will talk also about new satellite project, PhoENiX. This satellite will observe X-ray photon-by-photon. I simulate DEM from my simulation.
7/13 Inchun Park (D2) Calibration of HEP instrument on board ARASE via particle simulation
Abstract: Since the Arase satellite was launched to orbit last year, new observation data has been obtained. In order to precise scientific data, the data should be calibrated and then converted to the physical unit.
The HEP instrument on board ARASE is designed to observe 70 keV- 2 MeV high-energy electrons. In this energy range, the background radiation caused by protons interferes with observations.
Our research aims to discriminate background radiation events through data calibration. Using Geant4 simulation tool, we develop the geometry of the HEP detector, and conduct the particle simulation to calculate more realistic G-factor of the HEP instrument. Moreover, in order to assess the energy dependency of G-factor, we are planning a Monte Carlo simulation. Note that a similar detector, MagEIS onboard Van Allen Probes, was calibrated with the background correction algorithm (Claudepierre, S.G., et al., 2015), which identified that inner zone protons and bremsstrahlung x-rays are the main sources of radiation contamination. We believe that a similar method might be used for HEP data calibration. Besides the topics on the calibration, we would like to briefly talk about HEP data analysis for the storm event on March 27.
7/20 三谷 憲司 (D2)
Kenji Mitani		 Radial transport of high-energy oxygen ions into the deep inner magnetosphere observed by Van Allen Probes
Abstract: It is observationally known that proton is main component of the ring current and oxygen ions also can be main component expected to contribute to the development of the late main phase of the magnetic storm. At the same time, we also found enhancement of poloidal magnetic fluctuations that can resonate with drift and bounce motions of high-energy oxygen ions when azimuthal mode number (m number) is low. The combination of the drift and drift-bounce resonances is suggested to cause radial transport of high-energy oxygen ion into the deep inner magnetosphere.
7/27 小山 響平 (D3)
Kyohei Koyama		 Effects of ion-ion collisions on vertical distribution of CO2+ in Martian ionosphere based on multi-fluid MHD simulation
Abstract: Comparison of the mass fraction of CO2 and N2 with regard to the total mass of each terrestrial planet suggests importance of the atmospheric escape to space in Martian atmospheric evolution [Chassefiere et al., 2006]. It has been considered that heavy CO2+ ions are difficult to escape based on known atmospheric escape processes. Observations of a large amount of CO2+ ion escape by the Mars Express thus challenged the existing escape processes. Vertical distribution of CO2+ density in the ionosphere is one of important factors that determine the rate of CO2+ escape. Chemical reactions in ionosphere have been implemented in previous studies using multi-species MHD simulations [e.g., Ma et al., 2004; Terada et al., 2009]. The velocity difference between ion fluid cannot be reproduced by the multi-species MHD approximation. On one hand, the importance of vertical transport in the upper ionosphere (>300km altitude) was pointed out by some ionospheric models [Fox and Hac, 2009].
Multi-fluid MHD code [e.g., Najib et al., 2011] can solve such ion-species dependent velocity. In this study, we developed a multi-fluid MHD simulation code. Our code includes ion-ion collisions and electron-neutral collisions in order to investigate their effects on the vertical distribution of CO2+ density in the Martian ionosphere. We run five cases of the simulation in different collison setting. We compared the results after each simulation run reached to a quasi-steady state. The results suggest that collisions are important to reproduce the realistic CO2+ transport from lower to upper ionosphere.
9/1 堀 智昭 (特任准教授)
Tomoaki Hori		 Intermediate to high-m ULF-like fluctuations of ionospheric flow observed by SuperDARN during 2015 St. Patrick's day magnetic storm
Abstract: We study an interesting wavy structure of ionosphere flow at sub-auroral latitudes observed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) during a magnetic storm on March 17-18, 2015. The wavy modulation of ionospheric flow actually occurs during the relatively stagnant period between the two major substorm activities during the storm main phase. At sub-auroral latitude, the fast eastward flow prevailing from midnight to early morning during the first substorm ceases and subsequently the mid- latitude SuperDARN radars start to see a series of flow reversals of toward-radar flows and away-from- radar flows. Each of the flow reversal structures has a longitudinal wave length of roughly ~1h magnetic local time (MLT) and fairly large peak-to- peak amplitude of several hundreds of m/s. Interestingly, those flow structures pass by the fields of view of the radars one after another, showing a clear westward propagation over a wide MLT range from early morning all the way to midnight. We infer that the westward-traveling modulation of ionospheric electric field could be the footprint of westward-propagating ULF waves, which are driven by drifting ring current ions with energies of tens of keV. Further comparison with ground magnetic field data and in situ observations by inner magnetospheric satellites will be made to test this hypothesis as well as to examine how these propagating structure of ionospheric electric field is generated.
9/7 齊藤 慎司(特任准教授)
Shinji Saito		 Causal Relationship between Relativistic Electron Acceleration and Microbursts associated with Scattering by Whistler Chorus Elements
Abstract: Whistler chorus waves in the Earth’s magnetosphere are considered to have important roles to change relativistic electron flux in the outer radiation belt. Kurita et al. (GRL2015) found that whistler chorus waves responsible for flux enhancement of relativistic electrons can be a cause of precipitation of relativistic electrons.
The precipitation appears as relativistic electron microbursts which consist of multiple intermittent bursts. They concluded that the microbursts are a good proxy to indicate that whistler chorus activity actually causes significant variations of relativistic electrons. In order to understand the causal relationship between relativistic electron flux enhancements and the microbursts, we investigate flux enhancement and atmospheric precipitation of relativistic electrons associated with whistler chorus elements propagating along a magnetic field line, by using GEMSIS-RBW simulation code (RBW). The RBW is a test-particle code solving bounce motion of electrons along a field line, parallel propagating whistler chorus, and wave-particle interactions by using the equation of motion. The RBW simulation can calculate scattering processes, not only diffusion process but also nonlinear scattering processes such as phase bunching and phase trapping in coherent whistler chorus [Saito et al. JGR 2016].
Especially the phase trapping process accelerates electrons from a few hundred keV to a few MeV in a short time scale which is of the order of a second. Our simulations demonstrate that both the relativistic electron flux and relativistic electron precipitation into the atmosphere are more enhanced as the whistler chorus waves propagate more away from the equator. We will discuss dependency of latitude of the whistler chorus on the flux enhancement and precipitation of relativistic electrons.
9/19 川嶋 貴大 (M2)
Takahiro Kawashima		 Analysis of fast plasma flows by magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail during Substorm
Abstract: A substorm is a large-scale disturbance including auroral breakup in the ionosphere and magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. Two predominant models of the substorm time history have been proposed: the near-Earth neutral line (NENL) model and the current disruption model. The former is of outside-in type with tailward propagation of the disturbance, whereas the latter is of inside-out type with earthward propagation of the disturbance. To determine such time histories of such substorms using aurora all-sky and magnetotail multi-satellite observations, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is conducting a mission named the “Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS).” The time history of a substorm is expected to be best clarified when satellites are aligned along the tail axis. A substorm occurred under such a satellite distribution on 0743:42 UT February 27, 2009, and we investigated the auroral breakup and fast plasma flows produced by the magnetic reconnection in this substorm. The THEMIS satellites observed that a northward magnetic field variation propagated earthward. Because this earthward propagation is consistent with the NENL model, observation of a substorm onset after the magnetic reconnection was expected. However, the substorm onset was observed in the all-sky images before the magnetic reconnection, as noted in a previous study. In this study, we report that another earthward fast plasma flow occurred before the substorm onset, indicating that another magnetic reconnection occurred before the substorm onset. In addition, we confirm that the above mentioned post-onset magnetic reconnection occurred simultaneously with auroral poleward expansion, within a 1-min period. These results support the NENL model and further suggest that the two-step development of magnetic reconnection is a key component of the substorm time history.
9/21 旭 友希 (M2)
Yuuki Asahi		 The statistical analysis of correlation between solar flares and photospheric magnetic field
Abstract: A solar flare is caused by the explosive release of magnetic energy and sometimes greatly disturbs the Earth’s electromagnetic environment and may impact socio-economic system. For that reason, the prediction of flare occurrence is important for space weather forecast. However, the accurate prediction of flare occurrence has not been realized yet, because the mechanism of flare trigger is not well understood yet. According to previous studies, some parameters, such as the area of active region, total magnetic flux, the magnetic shear on PIL and the magnetic gradient have certain relation with the flare activities. Recently, Kusano et al. (2012) indicated that the magnetic reconnection in the small magnetic structures that appear in the strong-sheared magnetic field near the magnetic polarity inversion lines can trigger solar flares. In addition, Ishiguro & Kusano (M25a for ASJ meeting 2016 in March) found a possibility that the magnetic twist causes instability which is able to cause flares and CMEs.
The object of this study is to give a new parameter related to flare activity on the basis of these previous studies. In order to achieve it, we have performed the statistical analysis of magnetic field data on photosphere surface. For 294 ARs which sunspot area is relatively large in 2012 to 2016, we took the correlation analysis on the total flux and various magnetic parameter in each AR using the magnetic field data of SDO/HMI. As a result, photospheric free energy has good correlation with flare activity. Especially, ARs in which the distribution of photospheric free energy is long and narrow along PIL tend to be flare-active. The results suggest that not only magnetic free energy but also the shape of distribution of magnetic free energy correlates with the flare activity. In addition, we analyzed new parameter showing the relationship between free energy and PIL. We report the results of the analyses and discuss about the application to space weather forecast.
9/28 藤山 雅士(M2)
Masashi Fujiyama		 Solar Surface Velocity in the Large Scale estimated by Megnetic Element Tracking Method
Abstract: The 11 years variation in the solar activity is one of the important sources of decadal variation in the solar-terrestrial environment. Therefore, predicting the solar cycle activity is crucial for the space weather. To build the prediction schemes for the next solar cycle is a key for the long-term space weather study. Recently, the relationship between polar magnetic field at the solar minimum and next solar cycle activity is intensively discussed. Nowadays, many people believe that the polar magnetic field at the solar minimum is one of the best predictor for the next solar cycle. To estimate polar magnetic field, Surface Flux Transport (SFT) model have been often used. On the other hand, SFT model needs several parameters, for example Meridional circulation, differential rotation, turbulent diffusion etc.. So far, those parameters have not been fully understood, and their uncertainties may affect the accuracy of the prediction.

In this study, we try to discuss the parameters which are used in SFT model. We focus on two kinds of the solar surface motions, Differential rotation and Meridional circulation. First, we have developed Magnetic Element Tracking (MET) module, which is able to obtain the surface velocity by using the magnetic field data. We have used SOHO/MDI and SDO/HMI for the magnetic field data. By using MET, we study the solar surface motion over 2 cycle (nearly 24 years), and we found that the velocity variation is related to the active region belt. This result is consistent with [Hathaway et al., 2011]. Further, we discuss the relationship between the surface motion and the magnetic field strength.
10/5 三浦 翼 (M2)
Tsubasa Miura		 Association between substorm onsets in auroral all-sky images and geomagnetic Pi2 pulsations
Abstract: Substorms are explosive disturbances in the magnetosphere and ionosphere of Earth. Substorm onsets are often identified using sudden auroral brightenings (auroral breakup) or geomagnetic Pi2 pulsations. These auroral brightenings and Pi2 pulsations are supposed to occur simultaneously within approximately 1 min of each other. However, as auroral brightenings typically include a two-stage development, this simultaneity is not straightforward.
In this study, we clarify the correspondence between Pi2 pulsations and auroral brightenings, including the two-stage development. The first stage of the development is the sudden brightening of an auroral arc near the midnight (initial brightening) and the second stage is the poleward expansion of the auroral arc. We compared all-sky images (3 s resolution) in Canada and geomagnetic observations (0.5-1 s resolution) in North and Central America, using data from the THEMIS project. In this study, we examined three substorms events that exhibit evidence of the two-stage auroral development. In the first event (4 March 2008), an auroral initial brightening occurred at 0533:57 UT and a poleward expansion was observed at 0538:12 UT (4 min after the initial brightening) in Gillam (magnetic latitude:66.0 °, longitude:333 °, MLT:22.9). In contract, the Pi2 pulsation started at 0539:30 UT, which is closer to the time of the poleward expansion, in Carson City (magnetic latitude: 45.0 °, longitude:304 °). and San Juan (magnetic latitude:27.9 °, longitude:6.53 °). Thus, we consider this Pi2 pulsation as corresponding to the poleward expansion rather than the initial brightening. This correspondence was also seen in the other two events, suggesting that it is not exceptional. We interpret that the Pi2 pulsation corresponds to the poleward expansion because both are caused by the magnetic field dipolarization, which is a drastic change that propagates from low- to high-latitude field lines.
10/12 堀 智昭 (特任准教授)
Tomoaki Hori (CIDAS) 		SECS reconstruction of flow fluctuations with SuperDARN data
Abstract: We analyze detailed properties of two-dimensional (2-D) structures of the ULF-like, ionospheric flow fluctuations during a short (~2 hours) break of the main phase of the March 2015 storm. Line-of-sight (LOS) Doppler velocities observed by two SuperDARN radars in the early morning sector were used to deduce the 2-D horizontal flows by means of the spherical elementary current system (SECS) expansion. Similar to results deduced by the conventional map potential technique, the SECS reconstruction shows that ionospheric plasma in the subauroral region flows primarily in the geomagnetically eastward direction before and after the period of the ULF-like fluctuations. The reconstructed flow pattern shows that, during the first half of the ULF-like event interval, background convection subsides and circular/elliptically polarized flow fluctuations pass over the field-of-view of the radars as they propagate westward. Multiple flow bursts likely associated with small injections occur concurrently during the second half period, while the westward-propagating flow fluctuations still continue regardless of the bursts until a major substorm activity starts later on. A new finding from the reconstructed flow is that the eastward-propagating structures are also dominated by a poloidal component. The common feature of poloidal-dominant fluctuations implies that the westward and subsequent eastward-propagating fluctuations are both caused by a similar mechanism.
10/26 淺野 貴紀 (M2)
Takaki Asano		 MLT dependencies of the precipitating electron energy responsible for pulsating auroras based on the multi-wavelength observation
Abstract: Pulsating aurora (PsA) is a kind of diffuse aurora and shows quasi-periodic intensity modulation with 2 s to 30 s intervals. PsA is mainly observed from the post-midnight to the morning sectors during the recovery phase of substorms. Based on the EISCAT observations, Hosokawa and Ogawa [2015] showed that energy of precipitating electrons responsible for pulsating aurora tends to be higher on the late MLT sector. On the other hand, applying the triangulation method on pulsating auroras, Partamies et al. [2017] reported that there are no significant MLT dependence of the emission height of pulsating auroras. This result suggests that precipitating electron energies for pulsating aurora do not depend on MLT.
In order to investigate MLT dependencies of the characteristic energy of precipitating electrons responsible for pulsating aurora,we apply the method proposed by Ono et al.[1992] to estimate the characteristic energy by choosing the two optical wavelengths of 427.8 nm and 844.6 nm. Auroral images at these emission lines were obtained by monochromatic EMCCD cameras installed in Tromso, Norway, and the emission intensity along the magnetic field line is used for the estimation. We analyzed 13 nights (about 900 minutes) of pulsating aurora events from February 2017 to April 2017. The average of characteristic energy of precipitating electrons are 3.6 keV at pre-midnight and 4.4 keV at post-midnight, so that it is expected that the characteristic energy of precipitating electron at post-midnight tends to be larger than that at pre-midnight. Besides the MLT dependence of precipitating electron energy, we will discuss the spatial distribution of precipitating elelectron energy in the pulsating patches.
11/2 上村 亮弥 (M2)
Ryoya Uemura		 Statistical analysis of active-region micro/nanoflares observed with Hinode/XRT
Abstract: The nanoflare-heating model is one of possible coronal heating mechanisms. The frequency distribution of small explosive events as a function of their energy is important for evaluation of this model. It was reported as a result of Yohkoh/SXT observations that the distribution in the energy range of 10^27 - 10^29 erg is represented by a single power-law with a power-law index of -1.5 or -1.6 (Shimizu 1995). It concluded that the total energy supplied by microflares and flares is not enough to maintain the active-region corona even if this distribution is extended to the lower energy range. To investigate the frequency distribution below 10^27 erg, we analyzed high-cadence (3-6 sec) and high-resolution (1.03 arcsec/pixel) soft X-ray images of the active-region NOAA10923 taken with Hinode/XRT using four filters (Al poly, C poly, Ti poly, and thin Be) on November 13-16, 2006. We detected more than 1000 enhancements in the light curve of 4x4 pixel-binned XRT images in the observation period (45-90 min) of each filter, and then found that the frequency distribution is represented by a power-law in the range of about 10^25.6 - 10^27.8 erg, steeper than with a power-law index of -2. We also investigated the energy balance of active-region corona, and found that the total energy supplied by the detected events in this analysis is smaller than the active-region energy loss. However, there is a possibility that smaller events can supply sufficient energy required for the active-region coronal heating if the same power-law distribution continues to the energy of about 10^22.0 - 10^23.4 erg.
11/6 與那覇 公泰(M2)
Hiroyasu Yonaha		 Fast Magnetic Reconnection by Quadrupole Field
Abstract: Magnetic reconnection is energy conversion process in plasma. Magnetic energy is converted to thermal and kinetic energy. In a reconnection model of resistive MHD regime, reconnection proceed too slow compared to reconnection in actual solar atmosphere. This is known as 'Fast reconnection problem'.
In Hall-MHD regime, it is found that reconnection proceed fast as solar observation. However, the mechanisms of this acceleration is not well understood. There is a hypothesis to try to explain this acceleration. In this hypothesis, quadrupole magnetic field in reconnection site cause this acceleration.
In this study, we try to verify this hypothesis. We reconstruct quadrupole magnetic field in resistive MHD regime in order to eliminate other effects of Hall-MHD regime. Constant out of plain velocity field is in reconnection site to reconstruct this quadrupole magnetic field.
As a result, we found that quadrupole structure strength became grater as speed of velocity became large. We also found that reconnection proceed faster in strong quadrupole field compared to no quadrupole field structure.
11/9 林 昌広 (M2)
Masahiro Hayashi		 Rapid acceleration of outer radiation belt electrons associated with solar wind pressure pulse: Simulation and Arase and Van Allen Probes observations
Abstract: Relativistic electron fluxes of the outer radiation belt rapidly change in response to solar wind variations. One of the shortest acceleration processes of electrons in the outer radiation belt is wave-particle interactions between drifting electrons and fast-mode waves induced by compression of the dayside magnetopause associated with　interplanetary shocks. Recently, the Arase (ERG) satellite and Van Allen Probes observed the rapid enhancement of electron fluxes for hundreds of keV to MeV associated with storm sudden commencement (SSC) on July 16, 2017. During the period, the sharp enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure from 1 nPa to 15 nPa was observed. In this event, drift echoes after the flux enhancement and magnetic field variations due to the fast mode wave propagation were observed. In order to investigate this process by a solar wind pressure pulse, we perform a code-coupling simulation using the GEMSIS-RB test particle simulation (Saito et al., 2010) and the GEMSIS-GM global MHD magnetosphere simulation (Matsumoto et al., 2010). We have derived effective acceleration model and condition : The electrons whose drift velocities are accelerated efficiently. In this study, we perform a multi-particle simulation. As a result, the fluxes of electrons whose energy > 4.5 MeV are enhanced strongly. The results suggest the existence of critical energy into effective acceleration. In this presentation, we will compare the energy spectrum of our simulation results with that of observations from Arase and Van Allen Probes, and investigate the acceleration condition of relativistic electrons associated with the SSC.
11/13 水野 雄太 (M2)
Yuta Mizuno		 Study of the occurrence condition of eruptive flares and CMEs based on non-linear force-free field model
Abstract: The solar flares and CMEs sometimes largely disturb the Earth's electromagnetic environment and may impact various social systems. In particular, large magnetic storms (Dst ≦ -100nT) are caused by CMEs. Therefore, the prediction of CMEs occurrence is an important issue for space weather forecast. The SOHO observations indicated that, although solar flares often occurred under CMEs, CMEs do not always occurred associated with all solar flares (Yashiro et al, 2006). Solar flares accompanying CMEs are called “eruptive flare”, other solar flares are called “non-eruptive flares”. The occurrence condition of eruptive/non-eruptive has not been yet well-understood.
Recently, Toriumi et al. (2017) pointed out that the ratio of flare ribbons flux to the total flux of active region tends to be larger for the eruptive flare compared to the non-eruptive flares. On the other hand, Inoue et al. (2016) suggested that there is a correlation between the shape of the ribbon and the region of high magnetic twist using the non-linear force free field (NLFFF) model. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the area fraction of high magnetic twist region and the property of whether flare is eruptive or not using the SDO/HMI data and the NLFFF model. The result suggests that the area fraction of highly twisted flux of the active region producing non-eruptive flares tends to be lower than that of the regions producing eruptive flares, although the number of sample is not yet enough to make a clear conclusion.
11/16 福井 健人(M2)
Kento Fukui		 A statistical study of near-Earth magnetotail evolution during substorms and pseudosubstorms with THEMIS data
Abstract: Substorms and pseudosubstorms (pseudobreakups) are very similar phenomena. In terms of auroral morphology, pseudosubstorms are generally more localized and more short-lived, compared with substorms, and are not accompanied by poleward expansion. We examined auroral development for events from November 2007 through April 2010, using data from THEMIS all-sky imagers. We defined events accompanied and not accompanied by poleward expansion as substorms and pseudosubstorms, respectively. To understand the cause of auroral development, we investigated temporal and spatial development of the near-Earth magnetotail during substorms and pseudosubstorms, based on superposed epoch analysis of THEMIS data. We find that Vx begins to increase at -9.5 >X(GSM)>-11.5 Re around onset for both substorms and pseudosubstorms. This seems to be due to earthward flows caused by magnetic reconnection. The northward Bz also increases around onset at -6.5 >X>-9.5 Re both substorms and pseudosubstorms. The amount and rate of Bz change are larger for substorms than for pseudosubstorms. In the tailward (-10.5 >X>-12.5 Re) regions, Bz increases substantially for substorms, whereas it does not increase very much for pseudosubstorms. These results indicate that dipolarization is weaker for pseudosubstorms than for substorms, and the dipolarization region does not spread extensively for pseudosubstorms. We, therefore, suggest that current disruption related to dipolarization does not develop tailward and hence auroral poleward expansion does not occur for pseudosubstorms. Meanwhile, the plasma pressure prior to the onset is larger at -8.5 >X>-10.5 Re for substorms than for pseudosubstorms. At -6.5 >X>-8.5 Re the magnetic pressure is larger for substorms than for pseudosubstorms before onset. Thus we conclude that the amount of the plasma and magnetic pressure is a key that determines whether the current disruption takes place, that is, whether initial activation develops into a substorm or into a subsiding pseudosubstorm.
11/21 増田 智 (准教授)
Satoshi Masuda		 Characteristics of the solar flares with white-light enhancement observed with Hinode/SOT
Abstract: To understand the conditions that produce white-light (WL) enhancements in solar flares, a statistical analysis of visible continuum data as observed by Hinode/Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) was performed. In this study, approximately 100 are events from M- and X-class flares were selected. The time period during which the data were recorded spans from January 2011 to February 2016. Of these events, approximately half are classified as white-light flares (WLFs), whereas the remaining events do not show any enhancements of the visible continuum (non-WLF; NWL). In order to determine the existence of WL emission, running difference images of not only the Hinode/SOT WL (G-band, blue, green, and red filter) data but also the Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager continuum data are used. A comparison between these two groups of WL data in terms of duration, temperature, emission measure of GOES soft X-rays, distance between EUV flare ribbons, strength of hard X-rays, and photospheric magnetic field strength was undertaken. In this statistical study, WLF events are characterized by a shorter time-scale and shorter ribbon distance compared with NWL events. From the scatter plots of the duration of soft X-rays and the energy of non-thermal electrons, a clear distinction between WLF and NWL events can be made. It is found that the precipitation of large amounts of accelerated electrons within a short time period plays a key role in generating WL enhancements. Finally, it was demonstrated that the coronal magnetic field strength in the are region is one of the most important factors that allow the individual identification of WLF events from NWL events.
11/30 梅田 隆行 (講師)
Takayuki Umeda		 Vlasov simulation of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Abstract: Nonlinear development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) is studied by means of the full kinetic Vlasov simulation with two spatial and two velocity dimensions. It is confirmed that the primary RTI in the MHD regime develops symmetrically in a coordinate axis parallel to gravity as seen in the previous MHD simulations. However, small-scale secondary instabilities are driven due to secondary velocity shear layers formed by the nonlinear development of the primary RTI. The secondary instabilities take place asymmetrically in the coordinate axis parallel to gravity.
Two additional runs with different plasma beta (i.e., the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure) are also performed to see how “non-MHD” effects play roles in the nonlinear development of the primary RTI. It is shown that the ion inertial (Hall) term in a low-beta run plays a role in the asymmetric development of the primary RTI in a coordinate axis parallel to gravity. The electron stress terms in a high-beta run play a role in driving small-scale secondary RTIs by coupling with Hall electric fields.
Umeda, T., and Y. Wada, Non-MHD effects in the nonlinear development of the MHD-scale Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Physics of Plasmas, , Vol.24, No.7, 072307 (10pp.), 2017.
Umeda, T., and Y. Wada, Secondary instabilities in the collisionless Rayleigh-Taylor instability: Full kinetic simulation, Physics of Plasmas, Vol.23, No.11, 112117 (8pp.), 2016.
12/5 箕浦 桜子 (M1)
Sakurako Minoura		 Observational study for relationship between solar filament eruption and solar surface magnetic field
Abstract: Filament is low temperature plasma floating in the corona, which often erupts and is ejected out of the solar atmosphere. Especially the filament eruption is one of the phenomena causing coronal mass ejection (CME), which may impact the Earth’s magnetosphere. Sometimes, the filament eruption even in the quiet region (QR) may cause a large space weather disturbance. Therefore, the understanding of the filament eruption in the QR is important for the space weather forecasting. However, the condition of the filament eruption in the QR is not well understood yet.
In many previous studies for filament eruption, the existence of emerging flux is discussed. If an emerging flux may trigger the filament eruption, the mechanism is similar to the triggering process of solar flares, because Kusano et al. (2012) and the other related studies showed that the emerging of small magnetic flux is enable to trigger a large eruptive flare. It is likely that the similar mechanism can work as the mechanism of filament eruption in the QR.
The object of this study is to find the physical condition to cause the filament eruption. To achieve it, we investigate the difference of vector magnetic field structure between the regions where filament eruption occurred or not in QR. We use vector magnetic field data observed by SDO/HMI and the filament image observed by SMART/SDDI. So far, we developed the numerical tools for the statistical analysis with parameters corresponding to flare research. In this presentation, we report the preliminary results of image alignment between the HMI and the SDDI images.
12/7 近藤 克哉 (M1)
Katsuya Kondo		 Identification of Active Longitude from Solar Magnetograms and Debrecen Photoheliographic Data
Abstract: It is well known that the sun has the cycle of 11 years for its activity. In the active time, we can see lots of sunspots on the solar surface and sometime it cause large flares which largely affect the Earth’s environments. For example, the release of large-scale plasma called Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) hits the Earth’s magnetosphere and causes some effects, e.g. the Earth’s magnetic field fluctuation or trouble of the satellite. The appearance of sunspots has several characteristics. For example, sunspots appear around in the higher latitudes at the beginning of the cycle and in the lower latitudes at the end of the cycle on the sun. However, recent studies have shown that the appearances of sunspots also depend on longitudinal direction. The solar longitude where the sunspots are frequently observed is called Active Longitude (AL). The presence of active longitude has been discussed long time. But it is still not clear whether there is an AL or not.
In this study, we identified AL using magnetic field observation on the solar surface, not sunspots data. As a result, we can study AL for the magnetic bipoles which do not develop to sunspots. Examination of the frequency distribution of the magnetic field revealed that a strong magnetic field (about 50 gauss or more) dominates at the longitude where the sunspot occurred. In addition, we analyzed the change of the magnetic field by dividing the longitude into 18, and found that similar changes are seen in the longitude band about 180 degrees away from a certain longitude belt. From this result, it is considered that when there is AL at a certain time, many sunspots are likely to occer even at the bin 180 degree away from AL similarly.
12/21 小林 勇貴 (M1)
Yuuki Kobayashi		 Investigation of the magnetic neutral line region with the frame of two-fluid equations
Abstract: Magnetic reconnection is a basic physical process by which energy of magnetic field is converted into the kinetic energy of plasmas. In recent years, MMS mission consisting of four spacecraft has been conducted aiming at elucidating the physical mechanism of merging the magnetic fields in the vicinity of the magnetic neutral line that exists in the central part of the structure. In this paper, we examine the magnetic field frozen-in relation near the magnetic neutral line as well as the causal relationship between electron and ion dynamics in the frame of two fluid equations.

It is thought that the electron dissipation region with the thickness of about the electron inertial length surrounds the magnetic neutral line, and the ion dissipation region with the thickness of about the ion inertia length further surrounds them. Theoretically, it is shown that electrons are frozen-in to the magnetic fields while ion’s frozen-in relation is broken in the ion dissipation region. However, when we examined the observational data around 1307 UT on October 16, 2015 when MMS spacecraft passed through the vicinity of the magnetic neutral line [Burch et al., Science 2016] , it was confirmed that the frozen-in relation was not established for electrons in the ion dissipation region. In addition, we found that intense wave electric field activities in this region. From the spectral analysis of the waves, it turned out that their characteristic frequencies are the lower-hybrid and electron cyclotron frequencies.

In the framework of the two-fluid equation, we can evaluate the values of each term of the equations of motion for both ions and electrons except for the collision term from MMS spacecraft data. Therefore, it is possible to obtain collision terms for both species. Since magnetospheric plasma is basically collisionless, it is considered that the collision term is due to anomalous resistivity associated with the excited waves . On the other hand, in the usual two-fluid equation system, the two vectors corresponding to the collision terms of ions and electrons have the same absolute value. Because the force exerted between the two is the internal force, they should face exactly in the opposite direction. However, the vectors corresponding to the collision terms obtained by using the actual data did not satisfy such a condition. In the previous presentation (JpGU, 2017), we reported that the momentum carried by the waves cannot be neglected, and also some instrumental error for measuring physical parameters may cause such a discrepancy. Moreover, the frequency of the low-hybrid wave is about 10 Hz, so that its period is100 ms which is almost the same to the sampling time of 150 ms for the ion measurement. Therefore, the time average is not sufficient to evaluate the collision term correctly, and it is natural that term does not cancel out with the electron collision term.
After careful examination, we conclude that the effect of the anomalous resistivity in the ion dissipation region acts to some degree that cannot be ignored in the equation of motion of the two-fluid system and Lower hybrid wave may be contribute anomalous resistivity.
1/11 小路 真史 (特任助教)
Masafumi Shoji		 Instantaneous frequency analysis on nonlinear EMIC emissions: Arase observation
Abstract: Arase spacecraft observed a nonlinear electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC) emission in the inner magnetosphere. The wave growth with sub-packet structures is found by waveform data from PWE/EFD instrument. The evolution of the instantaneous frequency of the electric field of the EMIC rising tone emission is analyzed by Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT). The intrinsic mode functions derived from HHT is compared between in the self-consistent ion hybrid simulation and Arase data. The EMIC waves are decomposed into the nonlinear and linear components by HHT. Both functions are compared with the linear and nonlinear theories. The intrinsic mode function explaining nonlinear wave shows rising frequency with the strong wave growth. The instantaneous frequency change of the falling tone emission is also discussed.
1/18 飯島 陽久(研究員)
Haruhisa Iijima		 Numerical simulations on the regional difference of solar chromospheric jets
Abstract: We carry out radiation MHD simulations to investigate the regional difference of solar chromospheric jets. MHD waves and resulting chromospheric jets are self-consistently generated by the convective motion in the simulations. The nonlinear amplification of the MHD wave plays a key role to explain the parameter dependence of the simulations. We discuss the possible relation between the parameter dependence of the simulation and observed regional difference of solar chromospheric jets.
1/23 Sung-Hong Park(研究員) Understanding the formation and eruption of a minifilament in a quiet-Sun region
Abstract: Minifilaments on the Sun appear as dark (absoprtion) filamentary features against the brighter chromospheric background in the H-alpha line at 6,563 angstroms. Compared to large-scale solar filaments, minifilaments have much shorter lifetimes (~50 minutes) and lengths (~20,000 km), but it is believed that both small-scale and large-scale filaments may have the same or similar processes of formation and eruption. Are minifilaments indeed small-scale analogs of large-scale filaments? To answer this question, I examined a minifilament using high-cadence, narrow-band H-alpha line scanning images taken by the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope (SMART) at Hida Observatory as well as photospheric vector magnetograms by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board NASA's SDO satellite. Some similarities and differences between minifilaments and large-scale filaments were found, and they will be discussed in this talk.
1/25 松田 昇也 (研究員)
Shoya Matsuda		 Onboard software of PWE aboard Arase: signal processing of WFC/OFA and its initial results
Abstract: We developed the onboard processing software for the Plasma Wave Experiment (PWE) onboard the Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace, Arase (ERG) satellite. The PWE instrument has three receivers: Electric Field Detector (EFD), Waveform Capture/Onboard Frequency Analyzer (WFC/OFA), and the High-Frequency Analyzer (HFA). The OFA continuously measures the power spectra, spectral matrices, and complex spectra. The OFA obtains not only the entire ELF/VLF plasma waves' activity but also the detailed properties (e.g. propagation direction and polarization) of the observed plasma waves. We performed simultaneous observation of electric and magnetic field data, and successfully obtained clear wave properties of whistler-mode chorus waves using this data. In order to measure raw waveforms, we developed two modes for the WFC, "chorus burst mode" (65536 samples/s) and "EMIC burst mode" (1024 samples/s), for the purpose of the measurement of the whistler-mode chorus waves (typically in a frequency range from several hundred Hz to several kHz) and the EMIC waves (typically in a frequency range from a few Hz to several hundred Hz), respectively. We successfully obtained the waveforms of electric and magnetic fields of whistler-mode chorus waves and ion cyclotron mode waves along the Arase's orbit. We also installed an onboard signal calibration function (onboard SoftWare CALibration; SWCAL). We performed onboard electric circuit diagnostics and antenna impedance measurement of the wire-probe antennas (WPT-S) along the orbit. We utilize the results obtained using the SWCAL function when we calibrate the spectra and waveforms obtained by the PWE.
2/1 三好 由純 (准教授)
Shinji Saito		 Energetic electron precipitation associated with chorus waves; Arase and ground-based observations
Abstract: The pulsating aurora is caused by intermittent precipitations of a few – 10s keV electrons, and it is expected that the pitch angle scattering by chorus waves at the magnetosphere will be a primary process to cause the pulsating aurora. In March and April, 2017, a series of campaign observation focused on the chorus-wave particle interactions from conjugate observations from Arase and ground-based observations, and the pulsating aurora as a manifest of chorus-wave particle interactions was the important observation subject. During the campaign observations, good conjugate observations were realized between Arase and groundbased observations in Scandinavia. Associated with the pulsating aurora, the EISCAT VHF incoherent scatter radar at Tromso, Norway observed strong ionization in lower ionosphere and mesosphere. During the period, the Arase satellite observed intense chorus waves near the magnetic equator for a few hours, suggesting that strong pitch angle scattering took place. The plasma density in the region where the strong chorus waves were observed was very small, less than, 1/cm3, and the resonance energy of chorus waves becomes high. In this situation, the upper-band chorus waves can resonate with 10s keV electrons while the lower-band chorus waves can resonate with sub-relativistic electrons. From the conjugate observations from Arase and ground-based observations, we discuss how chorus waves cause strong precipitation of electrons from plasma sheet and radiation belts.
2/8 栗田 怜 (研究員)
Satoshi Kurita		 Observation of relativistic electron loss induced by EMIC waves in the outer radiation belt: Arase, Van Allen Probes, and the PWING project collaboration
Abstract: EMIC waves are generated by temperature anisotropy of energetic ions near the magnetic equator and satellite observations show that the waves tend to be observed on the dusk side and noon side magnetosphere. EMIC waves can propagate from the magnetosphere to the ground and they are observed by ground-based magnetometers as Pc1 pulsation. It has been pointed out that EMIC waves can resonate with relativistic electrons through anomalous cyclotron resonance, and cause strong pitch angle scattering of radiation belt electrons. It has been considered that precipitation loss of relativistic electrons by pitch angle scattering induced by EMIC waves is an important loss mechanism of radiation belt electrons. We report on the observation of relativistic electron loss observed by the Arase satellite on the dawn side magnetosphere during a geomagnetic disturbance, which is likely to be related to an EMIC wave activity. During the event, the EMIC wave activity in conjunction with the relativistic electron loss was identified from observation by the ground-based induction magnetometer array deployed by the PWING project. The magnetometer array observation reveals that EMIC waves were distributed in the wide magnetic local time range from the dusk to midnight sector. Comparison between Arase and Van Allen Probes observations at the different local time sector shows that relativistic electron flux decreased an order of magnitude within 30 minutes, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction of rapid loss of MeV electrons through intense pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves. It is suggested that drifting relativistic electrons are scattered into the loss cone by the EMIC waves on the dusk to midnight sector before they arrive at the Arase satellite located on the dawn side. We will discuss on the impact of EMIC wave-induced precipitation loss on the overall flux variation of radiation belt electrons during the geomagnetic disturbance.
2/13 Lynn Kistle (研究員) Contributions of Oxygen to the Storm-Time Ring Current
Abstract: Observations of the storm-time ring current have shown that the O+ contribution to the plasma pressure increases significantly during geomagnetic storms, in some cases becoming dominant during the storm main phase. This is surprising because the direct source of the ring current is the near-earth plasma sheet, and O+ is only rarely dominant there, in terms of either density or pressure. This talk will address three aspects of the oxygen in the ring current. First it will address whether the O+ that contributes to the ring current comes predominantly from the cusp outflow or from the nightside auroral outflow. Second, it will address how the O+ becomes dominant in the inner magnetosphere. Finally it will address whether the high charge state oxygen from the solar wind also plays a role in providing oxygen to the inner magnetosphere.
2/15 今田 晋亮 (助教)
Shinsuke Imada		 Temporal Evolution of the Current Sheet During the Flux Emergence
Abstract: Coronal heating is one of the important unsolved problems in the category of solar physics. It is believed that magnetic reconnection is one of the fundamental energy conversion mechanisms in the solar corona. Over the last several decades, considerable effort has been devoted toward understanding coronal heating, and various processes have been discussed. The essential idea is that the slow convection-driven random motion of the photospheric footpoints of the coronal magnetic field drags the field into complex patterns which leads to the buildup of many current sheets. These current sheets cause ubiquitous small-scale reconnection events in the corona, releasing magnetic energy to the coronal plasma. To clarify the coronal heating mechanism, and identify the conditions and locations where heating takes place, many observational studies have been performed and confirmed the importance of magnetic reconnection for coronal heating. Reconnection can be of the slow magnetohydrodynamic Sweet–Parker type or the fast collisionless type, in which Hall effects are important. Therefore, it is important to understand when and where fast magnetic reconnection occurs to understand the coronal heating problem. Imada & Zweibel (2012) discussed the coronal loop dynamics with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic calculation by assuming that many current sheets are present, with a distribution of thicknesses, but that only current sheets thinner than the ion skin depth can rapidly reconnect. They claim the density reduction by plasma draining is important for onset of rapid heating in coronal loop. In this talk, we will try to apply their model to emerging flux region. We will present the 2D MHD numerical calculations and compare to the Hinode observation. For numerical calculation, we carry out flux emergence calculation. We set the magnetic flux tube which contains the current sheet below the photosphere, and study the time evolution of the current sheet inside the flux tube during the flux emergence. We find that the plasma, especially inside the current sheet, drain along the field line during the flux emergence, and this plasma draining causes the current sheet thinning. We also discuss when and where the Hall effects become important in Ohm’s law during the flux emergence. For Hinode observation, we report the plasma characteristics from EIS, XRT, and SOT observations of an emerging flux region well observed in 29-31 December 2009. Chromospheric plasma ejections as well as coronal microflares were frequently produced in response to the evolution of photospheric magnetic fields appeared at the photosphere. We compare the numerical calculation and Hinode observation of flux emergence from the viewpoint of when and where fast reconnection takes place.
2/20 伊藤 大輝 渡邉 優作 河合 敏輝
Hiroki Ito Hiroki Ito Usaku Watanabe		 a rehearsal of presentation for undergraduate students from Machida Lab
2/22 津川 靖基(研究員)
Yasunori Tsugawa		 Wave vector analysis using multi-spacecraft observation in the magnetosheath
Abstract: There are some difficulties in identifying wave vectors uniquely even if their wave modes are assumed. Wave vector analysis techniques utilizing in-situ multi-spacecraft observations have been developed in this decade [e.g., Narita, 2017]. Recent Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission enables us to resolve smaller wavelength than the ion kinetic scale. It is important to assess the validities of the wave vector analysis techniques utilizing multi-spacecraft observations. We applied several techniques to synthetic and observed data.
The wave telescope or k-filtering techniques [Neubauer and Glassmeier, 1990; Narita et al., 2011] are based on the direction of arrival estimation by array antennas. Gershman et al. [2017] performed Bellan’s method in which pre-Maxwell Ampere’s law is assumed [Bellan, 2016] with use of the current density determined by the curlometer technique [Dunlop et al., 2002]. These techniques can provide the wave vectors with a high accuracy. However, the accuracy depends on specific parameters and situations, such as m parameter in MUSIC technique and the wave vector direction with respect to the spacecraft formation. The frequency-wave vector distributions estimated using MMS observation data in the magnetosheath well agree with those calculated by the linear theory, but tend to disagree when the spacecraft are close to the wave sources.
2/27 Jocelyn Chang(特任助教) Relativistic effect on particle transport during substorm
Abstract: One of the common indicators of a substorm onset is the dispersionless energetic particle injections into the Earth’s nightside magnetosphere. Besides the dispersionless nature, subsequent peaks happen periodically after the first flux rise. Subsequent peaks evolve greater and greater dispersion. Substorm dispersionless energetic particle injection to geosynchronous orbit has been investigated on the basis of a classical electromagnetic pulse model [Zaharia et al., 2000]. In order to investigate the effect of the disturbed magnetospheric event on particle transport, relativistic effect is considered in our study to improve non-relativistic calculation results to get better agreement with satellite observations. We use the data observed by satellites in the inner magnetosphere to investigate the transport of energetic particles associated with the substorm. In this study, the particle drift motion, the adiabatic invariant and particle magnetic moment differ from the previous non-relativistic particle motion model. We simulate the evolution of energetic particle injections during substorms and discuss the differences among non-relativistic, relativistic, and observational results.